Dr Claire | OpenSTEM Pty Ltd

This Week in HASS – term 3, week 1

Today marks the start of a new term in Queensland, although most states and territories have at least another week of holidays, if not more. It’s always hard to get back into the swing of things in the 3rd term, with winter cold and the usual round of flus and sniffles. OpenSTEM’s 3rd term units branch into new areas to provide some fresh material and a new direction for the new semester. This term younger students are studying the lives of children in the past from a narrative context, whilst older students are delving into aspects of Australian history.

Foundation/Prep/Kindy to Year 3

The main resource for our youngest students for Unit F.3 is Children in the Past – a collection of stories of children from a range of different historical situations. This resource contains 6 stories of children from Aboriginal Australia more than 1,000 years ago, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Rome, Ancient China, Aztec Mexico and Zulu Southern Africa several hundred years ago. Teachers can choose one or two stories from this resource to study in depth with the students this term. The range of stories allows teachers to tailor the material to their class and ensure that there is no need to repeat the same stories in consecutive years. Students will compare the lives of children in the stories with their own lives – focusing on different aspects in different weeks of the term. In this first week teachers will read the stories to the class and help them find the places described on the OpenSTEM “Our World” map and/or a globe.

Students in integrated Foundation/Prep/Kindy and Year 1 classes (Unit F-1.3), will also be examining stories from the Children in the Past resource. Students in Years 1 (Unit 1.3), 2 (Unit 2.3) and 3 (Unit 3.3) will also be comparing their own lives with those of children in the past; however, they will use a collection of stories called Living in the Past, which covers the same areas and time periods as Children in the Past, but provides more in-depth information about a broader range of subject areas and includes the story of the young Tom Petrie, growing up in Brisbane in the 1840s. Students in Year 1 will be considering family structures and the differences and similarities between their own families and the families described in the stories. Students in Year 2 are starting to understand the differences which technology makes to peoples’ lives, especially the technology behind different modes of transport. Students in Year 3 retain a focus on local history. In fact, the Understanding Our World® units for Year 3, term 3 are tailored to match the capital city of the state or territory in which the student lives. Currently units are available for Brisbane and Perth, other capital cities are in preparation. Additional resources are available describing the foundation and growth of Brisbane and Perth, with other cities to follow. Teachers may also prefer to focus on the local community in a smaller town and substitute their own resources for those of the capital city.

Years 3 to 6

Opening of the first parliament — First Australian Parliament

Older students are focusing on Australian history this term – Year 3 students (Unit 3.7) will be considering the history of their capital city (or local community) within the broader context of Australian history. Students in Year 4 (Unit 4.3) will be examining Australia in the period up to and including the first half of the 19th century. Students in Year 5 (Unit 5.3) examine the colonial period in Australian history; whilst students in Year 6 (Unit 6.3) are investigating Federation and Australia in the 20th century. In this first week of term, students in Years 3 to 6 will be compiling a timeline of Australian history and filling in important events which they already know about or have learnt about in previous units. Students will revisit this timeline in later weeks to add additional information. The main resources for this week are The History of Australia, a broad overview of Australian history from the Ice Age to the 20th century; and the History of Australian Democracy, an overview of the development of the democratic process in Australia.

The rest of the 3rd term will be spent compiling a scientific report on an investigation into an aspect of Australian history. Students in Year 3 will choose a research topic from a list of themes concerning the history of their capital city. Students in Year 4 will choose from themes on Australia before 1788, the First Fleet, experiences of convicts and settlers, including children, as well as the impact of different animals brought to Australia during the colonial period. Students in Year 5 will choose from themes on the Australian colonies and people including explorers, convicts and settlers, massacres and resistance, colonial animals and industries such as sugar in Queensland. Students in Year 6 will choose from themes on Federation, including personalities such as Henry Parkes and Edmund Barton, Sport, Women’s Suffrage, Children, the Boer War and Aboriginal experiences. This research topic will be undertaken as a guided investigation throughout the term.

The Science of Cats

Ah, the comfortable cat! Most people agree that cats are experts at being comfortable and getting the best out of life, with the assistance of their human friends – but how did this come about? Geneticists and historians are continuing to study how cats and people came to live together and how cats came to organise themselves into such a good deal in their relationship with humans. Cats are often allowed liberties that few other animals, even domestic animals, can get away with – they are fed and usually pampered with comfortable beds (including human furniture), are kept warm, cuddled on demand; and, very often, are not even asked to provide anything except affection (on their terms!) in return. Often thought of as solitary animals, cats’ social behaviour is actually a lot more complex and recently further insights have been gained about how cats and humans came to enjoy the relationship that they have today.

Many people know that the Ancient Egyptians came to certain agreements with cats – cats are depicted in some of their art and mummified cats have been found. It is believed that cats may have been worshipped as representatives of the Cat Goddess, Bastet – interestingly enough, a goddess of war! Statues of cats from Ancient Egypt emphasise their regal bearing and tendency towards supercilious expressions. Cats were present in Egyptian art by 1950 B.C. and it was long thought that Egyptians were the first to domesticate the cat. However, in 2004 a cat was found buried with a human on the island of Cyprus in the Mediterranean 9,500 years ago, making it the earliest known cat associated with humans. This date was many thousands of years earlier than Egyptian cats. In 2008 a site in the Nile Valley was found which contained the remains of 6 cats – a male, a female and 4 kittens, which seemed to have been cared for by people about 6,000 years ago.

African Wild Cat, photo by Sonelle, CC-BY-SA

It is now fairly well accepted that cats domesticated people, rather than the other way round! Papers refer to cats as having “self-domesticated”, which sounds in line with cat behaviour. Genetically all modern cats are related to African (also called Near Eastern) wild cats 8,000 years ago. There was an attempt to domesticate leopard cats about 7,500 years ago in China, but none of these animals contributed to the genetic material of the world’s modern cat populations. As humans in the Near East developed agriculture and started to live in settled villages, after 10,000 years ago, cats were attracted to these ready sources of food and more. The steady supply of food from agriculture allowed people to live in permanent villages. Unfortunately, these villages, stocked with food, also attracted other animals, such as rats and mice, not as welcome and potential carriers of disease. The rats and mice were a source of food for the cats who probably arrived in the villages as independent, nocturnal hunters, rather than as deliberately being encouraged by people.

Once cats were living in close proximity to people, trust developed and soon cats were helping humans in the hunt, as is shown in this detail from an Egyptian tomb painting on the right. Over time, cats became pets and part of the family and followed farmers from Turkey across into Europe, as well as being painted sitting under dining tables in Egypt. People started to interfere with the breeding of cats and it is now thought that the Egyptians selected more social, rather than more territorial cats. Contrary to the popular belief that cats are innately solitary, in fact African Wild Cats have complex social behaviour, much of which has been inherited by the domestic cat. African wild cats live in loosely affiliated groups made up mostly of female cats who raise kittens together. There are some males associated with the group, but they tend to visit infrequently and have a larger range, visiting several of the groups of females and kittens. The female cats take turns at nursing, looking after the kittens and hunting. The adult females share food only with their own kittens and not with the other adults. Cats recognise who belongs to their group and who doesn’t and tend to be aggressive to those outside the group. Younger cats are more tolerant of strangers, until they form their own groups. Males are not usually social towards each other, but occasionally tolerate each other in loose ‘brotherhoods’.

In our homes we form the social group, which may include one or more cats. If there is more than one cat these may subdivide themselves into cliques or factions. Pairs of cats raised together often remain closely bonded and affectionate for life. Other cats (especially males) may isolate themselves from the group and do not want to interact with other cats. Cats that are happy on their own do not need other cats for company. It is more common to find stressed cats in multi-cat households. Cats will tolerate other cats best if they are introduced when young. After 2 years of age cats are less tolerant of newcomers to the group. Humans take the place of parents in their cats’ lives. Cats who grow up with humans retain some psychological traits from kittenhood and never achieve full psychological maturity.

At the time that humans were learning to manipulate the environment to their own advantage by domesticating plants and animals, cats started learning to manipulate us. They have now managed to achieve very comfortable and prosperous lives with humans and have followed humans around the planet. Cats arrived in Australia with the First Fleet, having found a very comfortable niche on sailing ships helping to control vermin. Matthew Flinders‘ cat, Trim, became famous as a result of the book Flinders wrote about him. However, cats have had a devastating effect on the native wildlife of Australia. They kill millions of native animals every year, possibly even millions each night. It is thought that they have been responsible for the extinction of numbers of native mice and small marsupial species. Cats are very efficient and deadly nocturnal hunters. It is recommended that all cats are kept restrained indoors or in runs, especially at night. We must not forget that our cuddly companions are still carnivorous predators.

Guess the Artefact! – #2

Today’s Guess the Artefact! covers one of a set of artefacts which are often found confusing to recognise. We often get questions about these artefacts, from students and teachers alike, so here’s a chance to test your skills of observation. Remember – all heritage and archaeological material is covered by State or Federal legislation and should never be removed from its context. If possible, photograph the find in its context and then report it to your local museum or State Heritage body (the Dept of Environment and Heritage Protection in Qld; the Office of Environment and Heritage in NSW; the Dept of Environment, Planning and Sustainable Development in ACT; Heritage Victoria; the Dept of Environment, Water and Natural Resources in South Australia; the State Heritage Office in WA and the Heritage Council – Dept of Tourism and Culture in NT).

This artefact is made of stone. It measures about 12 x 8 x 3 cm. It fits easily and comfortably into an adult’s hand. The surface of the stone is mostly smooth and rounded, it looks a little like a river cobble. However, one side – the right-hand side in the photo above – is shaped so that 2 smooth sides meet in a straight, sharpish edge. Such formations do not occur on naturally rounded stones, which tells us that this was shaped by people and not just rounded in a river. The smoothed edges meeting in a sharp edge tell us that this is ground-stone technology. Ground stone technology is a technique used by people to create smooth, sharp edges on stones. People grind the stone against other rocks, occasionally using sand and water to facilitate the process, usually in a single direction. This forms a smooth surface which ends in a sharp edge.

Ground stone technology is usually associated with the Neolithic period in Europe and Asia. In the northern hemisphere, this technology was primarily used by people who were learning to domesticate plants and animals. These early farmers learned to grind grains, such as wheat and barley, between two stones to make flour – thus breaking down the structure of the plant and making it easier to digest. Our modern mortar and pestle is a descendant of this process. Early farmers would have noticed that these actions produced smooth and sharp edges on the stones. These observations would have led them to apply this technique to other tools which they used and thus develop the ground-stone technology. Here (picture on right) we can see an Egyptian ground stone axe from the Neolithic period. The toolmaker has chosen an attractive red and white stone to make this axe-head.

In Japan this technology is much older than elsewhere in the northern hemisphere, and ground-stone axes have been found dating to 30,000 years ago during the Japanese Palaeolithic period. Until recently these were thought to be the oldest examples of ground-stone technology in the world. However, in 2016, Australian archaeologists Peter Hiscock, Sue O’Connor, Jane Balme and Tim Maloney reported in an article in the journal Australian Archaeology, the finding of a tiny flake of stone (just over 1 cm long and 1/2 cm wide) from a ground stone axe in layers dated to 44,000 to 49,000 years ago at the site of Carpenter’s Gap in the Kimberley region of north-west Australia. This tiny flake of stone – easily missed by anyone not paying close attention – is an excellent example of the extreme importance of ‘archaeological context’. Archaeological material that remains in its original context (known as in situ) can be dated accurately and associated with other material from the same layers, thus allowing us to understand more about the material. Anything removed from the context usually can not be dated and only very limited information can be learnt.

The find from the Kimberley makes Australia the oldest place in the world to have ground-stone technology. The tiny chip of stone, broken off a larger ground-stone artefact, probably an axe, was made by the ancestors of Aboriginal people in the millennia after they arrived on this continent. These early Australians did not practise agriculture, but they did eat various grains, which they leaned to grind between stones to make flour. It is possible that whilst processing these grains they learned to grind stone tools as well. Our artefact, shown above, is undated. It was found, totally removed from its original context, stored under an old house in Brisbane. The artefact is useful as a teaching aid, allowing students to touch and hold a ground-stone axe made by Aboriginal people in Australia’s past. However, since it was removed from its original context at some point, we do not know how old it is, or even where it came from exactly.

Our artefact is a stone tool. Specifically, it is a ground stone axe, made using technology that dates back almost 50,000 years in Australia! These axes were usually made by rubbing a hard stone cobble against rocks by the side of a creek. Water from the creek was used as a lubricant, and often sand was added as an extra abrasive. The making of ground-stone axes often left long grooves in these rocks. These are called ‘grinding grooves’ and can still be found near some creeks in the landscape today, such as in Kuringai Chase National Park in Sydney. The ground-stone axes were usually hafted using sticks and lashings of plant fibre, to produce a tool that could be used for cutting vegetation or other uses. Other stone tools look different to the one shown above, especially those made by flaking stone; however, smooth stones should always be carefully examined in case they are also ground-stone artefacts and not just simple stones!

HASS Additional Activities

OK, so you’ve got the core work covered for the term and now you have all those reports to write and admin to catch up on. Well, the OpenSTEM® Understanding Our World® HASS plus Science material has heaps of activities which help students to practise core curricular skills and can keep students occupied. Here are some ideas:

Aunt Madge’s Suitcase Activity

Aunt Madge is a perennial favourite with students of all ages. In this activity, students use clues to follow Aunt Madge around the world trying to return her forgotten suitcase. There’s a wide range of locations to choose from on every continent – both natural and constructed places. This activity can be tailored for group work, or the whole class, and by adjusting the number of locations to be found, the teacher can adjust to the available time, anywhere from 10-15 minutes to a whole lesson. Younger students enjoy matching the pictures of locations and trying to find the countries on the map. Older students can find out further information about the locations on the information sheets. Teachers can even choose a theme for the locations (such as “Ancient History” or “Aboriginal Places”) and see if students can guess what it is.

Ancient Sailing Ships Activity

Sailing Ships (History + Science) — Science

Students in Years 3 to 6 have undertaken the Ancient Sailing Ships activity this term, however, there is a vast scope for additional aspects to this activity. Have students compared the performance of square-rigged versus lateen sails? How about varying the number of masts? Have students raced the vessels against each other? (a water trough and a fan is all that’s needed for some exciting races) Teachers can encourage the students to examine the effects of other changes to ship design, such as adding a keel or any other innovations students can come up with, which can be tested. Perhaps classes or grades can even race their ships against each other.

Trade and Barter Activity

Students in years 5 and 6 in particular enjoy the Trade and Barter activity, which teaches them the basics of Economics without them even realising it! This activity covers so many different aspects of the curriculum, that it is always a good one to revisit, even though it was not in this term’s units. Students enjoy the challenge and will find the activity different each time. It is a particularly good choice for a large chunk of time, or for smaller groups; perhaps a more experienced group can coach other students. The section of the activity which has students developing their own system of writing is one that lends itself to extension and can even be spun off as a separate activity.

Games from the Past

Students of all ages enjoy many of the games listed in the resource Games From The Past. Several of these games are best done whilst running around outside, so if that is an option, then choose from the Aboriginal, Chinese or Zulu games. Many of these games can be played by large groups. Older students might like to try recreating some of the rules for some of the games of Ancient Egypt or the Aztecs. If this resource wasn’t part of the resources for your particular unit, it can be downloaded from the OpenSTEM® site directly.

Class Discussions

The b) and c) sections of the Teacher Handbooks contain suggestions for topics of discussion – such as Women Explorers or global citizenship, or ideas for drawings that the students can do. These can also be undertaken as additional activities. Teachers could divide students into groups to research and explore particular aspects of these topics, or stage debates, allowing students to practise persuasive writing skills as well.

Adding events to a timeline, or the class calendar, also good ways to practise core skills.

The OpenSTEM® Our World map is used as the perfect complement to many of the Understanding Our World® units. This map comes blank and country names are added to the map during activities. The end of term is also a good chance for students to continue adding country names to the map. These can be cut out of the resource World Countries, which supplies the names in a suitable font size. Students can use the resource World Maps to match the country names to their locations.

We hope you find these suggestions useful!

Enjoy the winter holidays – not too long now to a nice, cosy break!

This Week in HASS – term 2, week 9

The OpenSTEM® Understanding Our World® units have only 9 weeks per term, so this is the last week! Our youngest students are looking at some Aboriginal Places; slightly older older students are thinking about what their school and local area were like when their parents and grandparents were children; and students in years 3 to 6 are completing their presentations and anything else that might be outstanding from the term.

Foundation/Prep/Kindy

Students in the stand-alone Foundation/Prep/Kindy class (Unit F.2) examine Aboriginal Places this week. Students examine which places are special to Aboriginal people, and how these places should be cared for by Aboriginal people and the broader community. Several of the Australian places in the Aunt Madge’s Suitcase Activity can be used to support this discussion in the classroom. Students in an integrated Foundation/Prep/Kindy and Year 1 class (Unit F.6), as well as Year 1 (Unit 1.2), 2 (Unit 2.2) and 3 (Unit 3.2) students consider life in the times of their parents and grandparents, with specific reference to their school, or the local area studied during this unit. Teachers may wish to invite older members of the community (including interested parents and/or grandparents) in to the class to describe their memories of the area in former years. Were any of them past students of the school? This is a great opportunity for students to come up with their own questions about life in past times.

Years 3 to 6

Students in Year 3 (Unit 3.6), 4 (Unit 4.2), 5 (Unit 5.2) and 6 (Unit 6.2) are finishing off their presentations and any outstanding work this week. Sometimes the middle of term can be very rushed and so it’s always good to have some breathing space at the end to catch up on anything that might have been squeezed out before. For those classes where everyone is up-to-date and looking for extra activities, the Aunt Madge’s Suitcase Activity is always popular with students and can be used to support their learning. Teachers may wish to select a range of destinations appropriate to the work covered during the term and encourage students to think about how those destinations relate to the material covered in class. Destinations may be selected by continent or theme – e.g. natural places or historical sites. A further advantage of Aunt Madge is that the activity can be tailored to fit the available time – from 5 or 10 minutes for a single destination, to 45 minutes or more for a full selection; and played in groups, or as a whole class, allowing some students to undertake the activity while other students may be catching up on other work. Students may also wish to revisit aspects of the Ancient Sailing Ships Activity and expand on their investigations.

Although this is the last week of this term’s units, we will have some more suggestions for extra activities next week – particularly those that keep the students busy while teachers attend to marking or compiling of reports.

This Week in HASS – term 2, week 8

This week we are starting into the last stretch of the term. Students are well into their final sections of work. Our youngest students are thinking about how we care for places, slightly older students are displaying their posters and older students are giving their presentations.

Foundation/Prep/Kindy to Year 3

Our youngest students doing the stand-alone Foundation/Prep/Kindy unit (F.2) are thinking about how we look after different places this week. Students in integrated Foundation/Prep/Kindy and Year 1 classes, doing Unit F.6, are displaying their posters on an issue in their local environment. These posters were prepared in proceeding weeks and can now be displayed either at school or in a local library or hall. The teacher may choose to invite parents to view the posters as well. Students in Years 1 (Unit 1.2), 2 (Unit 2.2) and 3 (Unit 3.2) also have posters to display on a range of issues, either at the school, in a local place, such as a park, or even a local heritage place. Discussions around points of view and the intended audience of the posters can help students to gain a more in-depth understanding and critique their own work.

Years 3 to 6

Students in Years 3 (Unit 3.6), 4 (Unit 4.2), 5 (Unit 5.2) and 6 (Unit 6.2) are in the second of 3 weeks set aside for their presentations. The presentations cover a significant body of work and thus a 3 weeks of lessons are set aside for the presentations, as well as for finishing any other sections of work not yet completed. Year 3 students are considering extreme climate areas of Australia and other parts of the world, such as the Sahara Desert, Arctic and Antarctica and Mount Everest, by studying explorers such as Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay, Robert Scott and Pawel Strzelecki. Year 4 students are studying explorers and the environments and animals of Africa and South America, such as Francisco Pizarro, the Giant Vampire Bat, Vasco Da Gama and the Cape Lion. Year 5 students are studying explorers, environments and animals of North America, such as Henry Hudson, Hernando de Soto and the Great Auk. Year 6 students are studying explorers, environments and indigenous peoples of Asia, such as Vitus Bering, Zheng He, Marco Polo, the Mongols and the Rus.